Quantifying compositional and physical properties of antimicrobial polyethylene food packaging films using natural and sustainable fillers and additives

Document Type : Original research

Authors

1 Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722, Istanbul, Türkiye

2 Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Türkiye

3 Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Department of Food Processing, 67900 Zonguldak, Türkiye

Abstract

 In this study, LDPE compounds were prepared using different types of solid and liquid natural additives by melt compounding method. Spent coffee ground (SCG) and organoclay (OCL) powders were used as bio-based and mineral-based solid additives, respectively. Carvacrol and Liquidambar orientalis (LO) oil were used as functional liquid additives. Morphological, thermal, mechanical, viscoelastic, and antimicrobial properties of samples were characterized with various analytical methods and the effects of solid and liquid additive combinations on the physical properties of film samples were quantified. It was observed that the SCG and LO oil made the film color darker but s till transparent. Contact angle measurements indicated that the liquid additives increased the hydrophilicity of LDPE films. Based on the thermal and physical tests, it was found that the solid additives acted as reinforcing agents in LDPE matrix but liquid additives significantly modified the physical properties of LDPE composite films such as increasing the elongation and recovery rates and decreasing the creep strength as well as the improving the antimicrobial properties. The analysis of antimicrobial properties of samples using gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria exhibited that the carvacrol and LO oil significantly inhibited the bacterial growth. This study showed that transparent and antimicrobial flexible packaging films with thermal and mechanical durability could be prepared using sustainable, natural, and waste materials.

Graphical Abstract

Quantifying compositional and physical properties of antimicrobial polyethylene food packaging films using natural and sustainable fillers and additives

Highlights

  • Antimicrobial LDPE films were prepared with melt processing methods.
  • Solid and liquid additive combinations were introduced into LDPE matrix.
  • Liquidambar orientalis oil was used for the first time in LDPE formulation as a natural, sustainable, and functional additive.
  • Solid additives acted as reinforcing agents in LDPE matrix
  • Liquid additives increased the elongation and recovery rates and decreased the creep strength of LDPE films.

Keywords


  1. Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U, Van Otterdijk R, Meybeck A (2011) Global food losses and food waste. FAO Rome [CrossRef]
  2. Efrati R, Natan M, Pelah A, Haberer A, Banin E, Dotan A, Ophir A (2014) The effect of polyethylene crystallinity and polarity on thermal stability and controlled release of essential oils in antimicrobial films. J Appl Polym Sci 131: 40309 [CrossRef]
  3. Shemesh R, Goldman D, Krepker M, Danin‐Poleg Y, Kashi Y, Vaxman A, Segal E (2015) LDPE/clay/carvacrol nanocomposites with prolonged antimicrobial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 132: 41261 [CrossRef]
  4. Dehghani S, Peighambardoust SH, Peighambardoust SJ, Hosseini SV, Regenstein JM (2019) Improved mechanical and antibacterial properties of active LDPE films prepared with combination of Ag, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles. Food Packaging Shelf 22: 100391 [CrossRef]
  5. Idumah CI, Hassan A, Ihuoma DE (2019) Recently emerging trends in polymer nanocomposites packaging materials. Polym Plast Technol Mater 58: 1054-1109 [CrossRef]
  6. Gamage GR, Park H-J, Kim KM (2009) Effectiveness of antimicrobial coated oriented polypropylene/polyethylene films in sprout packaging. Food Res Int 42: 832-839 [CrossRef]
  7. Wang H, Wei D, Ziaee Z, Xiao H, Zheng A, Zhao Y (2015) Preparation and properties of nonleaching antimicrobial linear low-density polyethylene films. Ind Eng Chem Res 54: 1824-1831 [CrossRef]
  8. Valderrama Solano AC, de Rojas Gante C (2012) Two different processes to obtain antimicrobial packaging containing natural oils. Food Bioprocess Technol 5: 2522-2528 [CrossRef]
  9. Wong L-W, Hou C-Y, Hsieh C-C, Chang C-K, Wu Y-S, Hsieh C-W (2020) Preparation of antimicrobial active packaging film by capacitively coupled plasma treatment. LWT 117: 108612 [CrossRef]
  10. Coelho LB, Geraldine RM, Silveira MFA, Souza ARM, Torres MCL, Gonçalves MΆB (2020) Characterization of films of low density polyethylene incorporated with oregano essential oil. Res Soc Develop 9: e3849108722 [CrossRef]
  11. Krepker M, Zhang C, Nitzan N, Prinz-Setter O, Massad-Ivanir N, Olah A, Baer E, Segal E (2018). Antimicrobial LDPE/EVOH layered films containing carvacrol fabricated by multiplication extrusion. Polymers 10: 864 [CrossRef]
  12. Ramos M, Jiménez A, Peltzer M, Garrigós MC (2012) Characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of polypropylene films with carvacrol and thymol for active packaging. J Food Eng 109: 513-519 [CrossRef]
  13. Tas BA, Sehit E, Tas CE, Unal S, Cebeci FC, Menceloglu YZ, Unal H (2019) Carvacrol loaded halloysite coatings for antimicrobial food packaging applications. Food Packaging Shelf 20: 100300 [CrossRef]
  14. Moradi D, Ramezan Y, Eskandari S, Mirsaeedghazi H, Javanmard Dakheli M (2023) Plasma-treated LDPE film incorporated with onion and potato peel extract – A food packaging for shelf life extension on chicken thigh. Food Packaging Shelf 35: 101012 [CrossRef]
  15. Lee Y-S, Kim J, Lee S-G, Oh E, Shin S-C, Park I-K (2009) Effects of plant essential oils and components from Oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) on growth and morphogenesis of three phytopathogenic fungi. Pestic Biochem Physiol 93: 138-143 [CrossRef]
  16. Oskay M, Sarı D (2007) Antimicrobial Screening of Some Turkish Medicinal Plants. Pharmaceutical Biology 45: 176-181 [CrossRef]
  17. Sağdıç O, Özkan G, Özcan M, Özçelik S (2005) A Study on inhibitory effects of Sığla tree (Liquidambar Orientalis Mill. var. orientalis) storax against several bacteria. Phytother Res 19: 549-551 [CrossRef]
  18. Sıcak Y, Eliuz EAE (2018) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of anatolian sweetgum (liquidambar orientalis mill.) leaf oil. Turkish J Life Sci 3: 277-281 [CrossRef]
  19. Hasanoglu Z, Sivri N, Alanalp MB, Durmus A (2024) Preparation of polylactic acid (PLA) films plasticized with a renewable and natural Liquidambar Orientalis oil. Int J Biolog Macromol 257: 128631 [CrossRef]
  20. Lange J, Wyser Y (2003) Recent innovations in barrier technologies for plastic packaging-A review. Packag Technol Sci 16: 149-158 [CrossRef]
  21. Ramón-Gonçalves M, Gómez-Mejía E, Rosales-Conrado N, León-González M, Madrid Y (2019) Extraction, identification and quantification of polyphenols from spent coffee grounds by chromatographic methods and chemometric analyses. Waste Manag 96: 15-24 [CrossRef]
  22. Rezaei M, Ismail A, Bakeri G, Hashemifard S, Matsuura T (2015) Effect of general montmorillonite and Cloisite 15A on structural parameters and performance of mixed matrix membranes contactor for CO2 Chem Eng J 260: 875-885 [CrossRef]
  23. Sharma S, Barkauskaite S, Duffy B, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S (2020) Characterization and antimicrobial activity of biodegradable active packaging enriched with clove and thyme essential oil for food packaging application. Foods 9: 1117 [CrossRef]
  24. Persico P, Ambrogi V, Carfagna C, Cerruti P, Ferrocino I, Mauriello G (2009) Nanocomposite polymer films containing carvacrol for antimicrobial active packaging. Poly Eng Sci 49: 1447-1455 [CrossRef]
  25. Zhang M, Sundararaj U (2006) Thermal, rheological, and mechanical behaviors of LLDPE/PEMA/clay nanocomposites: Effect of interaction between polymer, compatibilizer, and nanofiller. Macromol Mater Eng 291: 697-706 [CrossRef]
  26. Leow Y, Yew PYM, Chee PL, Loh XJ, Kai D (2021) Recycling of spent coffee grounds for useful extracts and green composites. RSC Adv 11: 2682-2692 [CrossRef]
  27. Findley WN, Lai JS, Onaran K, Christensen RM (1977) Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials with an introduction to linear viscoelasticity. J Appl Mech 44: 364-364 [CrossRef]
  28. Ercan N, Durmus A, Kasgoz A (2023) Enhancement of physical properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes by blending with cyclic olefin copolymer elastomer. Polym Eng Sci 63: 3577-3591 [CrossRef]
  29. Yang J-L, Zhang Z, Schlarb AK, Friedrich K (2006) On the characterization of tensile creep resistance of polyamide 66 nanocomposites. Part II: Modeling and prediction of long-term performance. Polymer 47: 6745-6758 [CrossRef]
  30. Durmus A, Ercan N, Alanalp MB, Gökkurt T, Aydin I (2019) Effects of liquid crystal polymer and organoclay addition on the physical properties of high‐density polyethylene films. Polym Eng Sci 59: 1344-1353 [CrossRef]
  31. Shaito A, Fairbrother D, Sterling J, D'Souza NA (2010) Ethylene maleated amorphous propylene compatibilized polyethylene nanocomposites: Stress and temperature effects on nonlinear creep. Polym Eng Sci 50: 1633-1645 [CrossRef]
  32. Ayrilmis N, Yurttaş E, Durmus A, Özdemir F, Nagarajan R, Kalimuthu M, Kuzman MK (2021) Properties of biocomposite films from PLA and thermally treated wood modified with silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Oriental sweetgum. J Polym Environ 29: 2409-2420 [CrossRef]
  33. Aşkun T, Kürkçüoğlu M, Güner P (2021) Anti-mycobacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oils and phenolic extracts of the balsam of Liquidambar Orientalis Mill. (Altingiaceae). Turkish J Botany 45: 800-808 [CrossRef]
  34. Shemesh R, Krepker M, Natan M, Danin-Poleg Y, Banin E, Kashi Y, Nitzan N, Vaxman A, Segal E (2015) Novel LDPE/halloysite nanotube films with sustained carvacrol release for broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. RSC Advances 5: 87108-87117 [CrossRef]
  35. López P, Sánchez C, Batlle R, Nerín C (2007) Development of flexible antimicrobial films using essential oils as active agents. J Agric Food Chem 55: 8814-8824 [CrossRef]
  36. Bouhlal F, Aqil Y, Chamkhi I, Belmaghraoui W, Labjar N, Hajjaji SE, Benabdellah GA, Aurag J, Lotfi EM, Mahi ME (2020) GC-MS analysis, phenolic compounds quantification, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the hydro-alcoholic extract of spent coffee grounds. J Biol Act Prod Nat 10: 325-337 [CrossRef]
  • Receive Date: 21 October 2024
  • Revise Date: 01 December 2024
  • Accept Date: 04 December 2024
  • First Publish Date: 07 December 2024