Polyolefins Journal

With the collaboration of Iran Polymer Society

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

Peer Review Process

FAQ

News

Guide for Authors

Terms and conditions for manuscript submission

Reviewers

Guide for Reviewers

Polyolefinic materials in packaging; prospects and environmental threats: A comprehensive review

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Department of Chemistry, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal 700125, India

2 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009, India

3 Center for Multidisciplinary Research & Innovations (CMRI), Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal 700125, India

4 Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal 700125, India

Abstract

The global packaging industry is primarily influenced by polyolefinic materials, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), which offer a combination of durability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. These materials have transformed modern packaging through their lightweight offerings for food, medical, and industrial uses. The widespread employment of non-biodegradable plastics poses substantial challenges in waste management due to their persistent presence and significant contribution to plastic pollution. This review examines the characteristics, applications, and ecological implications of polyolefins, with a particular focus on their importance in packaging. This paper examines recent advancements in biodegradable alternatives and chemical recycling methods, aiming to address the environmental challenges presented by plastic waste. Integrating natural fillers into polyolefin composites can boost biodegradability without compromising functionality. The review highlights the importance of a circular economy approach, which emphasizes sustainable practices for transforming polyolefin waste into valuable resources. This analysis explores the advantages and disadvantages of polyolefins to guide future research and sustainable packaging policy.

Graphical Abstract

Polyolefinic materials in packaging; prospects and environmental threats: A comprehensive review

Highlights

This review evaluates the advantages and risks to the environment.
Highlights the significance of creative solutions in packaging.
Grasp of the opportunities and cons traints related to polyolefinic packaging.
Sus tainability in the mos t current developments of contemporary packaging.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Chen L, Lin Z (2021) Polyethylene: Properties, production and applications. 3rd International Academic Exchange Conference on Science and Technology Innovation (IAECST): 1191-1196 [CrossRef]
  2. Tan J, Tiwari SK, Ramakrishna S (2021) Single-use plastics in the food services industry: Can it be sustainable? Mater Circ Econ 3: 7 [CrossRef]
  3. Tajeddin B, Arabkhedri M (2020) Polymers and food packaging. In: Polymer science and innovative applications, Elsevier, pp.: 525-543 [CrossRef]
  4. Yao Z, Seong HJ, Jang Y (2022) Environmental toxicity and decomposition of polyethylene. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 242: 113933 [CrossRef]
  5. Gautam BPS, Qureshi A, Gwasikoti A, Kumar V, Gondwal M (2024) Global scenario of plastic production, consumption, and waste generation and their impacts on environment and human health. In: Advanced strategies for biodegradation of plastic polymers, Springer Nature, pp.: 1-34 [CrossRef]
  6. Thacharodi A, Meenatchi R, Hassan S, Hussain N, Bhat MA, Arockiaraj J, Ngo HH, Le QH, Pugazhendhi A (2024) Microplastics in the environment: A critical overview on its fate, toxicity, implications, management, and bioremediation strategies. J Environ Manage 349: 119433 [CrossRef]
  7. Dokl M, Copot A, Krajnc D, Fan YV, Vujanović A, Aviso KB, Tan RR, Kravanja Z, Čuček L (2024) Global projections of plastic use, end-of-life fate and potential changes in consumption, reduction, recycling and replacement with bioplastics to 2050. Sustain Prod Consump 51: 498-518 [CrossRef]
  8. Ali SS, Elsamahy T, Al-Tohamy R, Zhu D, Mahmoud YA, Koutra E, Metwally MA, Kornaros M, Sun J (2021) Plastic wastes biodegradation: Mechanisms, challenges and future prospects. Sci Total Environ 780: 146590 [CrossRef]
  9. Fayshal MA (2024) Current practices of plastic waste management, environmental impacts, and potential alternatives for reducing pollution and improving management. Heliyon 10: e40838 [CrossRef]
  10. Sailors HR, Hogan JP (2007) History of polyolefins. J Macromol Sci: A - Chem 15: 1377-1402 [CrossRef]
  11. Sauter D, Taoufik M, Boisson C (2017) Polyolefins, a Success Story. Polymers 9: 185 [CrossRef]
  12. Verma MK, Shakya S, Kumar P, Madhavi J, Murugaiyan J, Rao MVR (2021) Trends in packaging material for food products: historical background, current scenario, and future prospects. J Food Sci Technol 58: 4069-4082 [CrossRef]
  13. ElMaraghy H, Monostori L, Schuh G, ElMaraghy W (2021) Evolution and future of manufacturing systems. CIRP Annals 70: 635-658 [CrossRef]
  14. Bu N, Wu T (2022) The Asia-pacific region: The new center of gravity for international business. In: Advances in theory and practice of emerging markets, Springer Nature, pp.: 3-29 [CrossRef]
  15. Devlin J, Yee P (2005) Trade logistics in developing countries: The case of the middle east and north Africa. World Econ 28: 435-456 [CrossRef]
  16. Perera KY, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S (2023) Biopolymer-based sustainable food packaging materials: Challenges, solutions, and applications. Foods 12: 2422 [CrossRef]
  17. Adesegun Kehinde B, Majid I, Hussain S, Nanda V (2020) Innovations and future trends in product development and packaging technologies. In: Functional and preservative properties of phytochemicals, Academic Press, pp.: 377-409 [CrossRef]
  18. Olatunji O (2022) Plastics and polymer manufacturing and processing in Africa today. In: Plastic and polymer industry by region, Springer Nature, pp.: 123-132 [CrossRef]
  19. Tumu K, Vorst K, Curtzwiler G (2024) Understanding intentionally and non-intentionally added substances and associated threshold of toxicological concern in post-consumer polyolefin for use as food packaging materials. Heliyon 10: e23620 [CrossRef]
  20. Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Roelands MCP, White RJ, van Harmelen T, de Wild P, van der Laan GP, Meirer F, Keurentjes JTF, Weckhuysen BM (2020) Beyond mechanical recycling: Giving new Life to plastic waste. Angew Chem Int Ed 59: 15402-15423 [CrossRef]
  21. LaChance AM, Hou Z, Farooqui MM, Carr SA, Serrano JM, Odendahl CE, Hurley ME, Morrison TE, Kubachka JL, Samuels NT, Barrett AT, Zhao Y, DeGennaro AM, Camara MH, Sun L (2023) Polyolefin films with outstanding barrier properties based on one-step coassembled nanocoatings. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 5: 1067-1077 [CrossRef]
  22. Parente AG, de Oliveira HP, Cabrera MP, de Morais Neri DF (2023) Bio-based polymer films with potential for packaging applications: a systematic review of the main types tested on food. Polym Bull 80: 4689-4717 [CrossRef]
  23. Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y (2023) Latest advances in active materials for food packaging and their application. Foods 12: 4055 [CrossRef]
  24. Zakaria M, Bhuiyan MAR, Hossain MS, Khan NMU, Salam MA, Nakane K (2024) Advances of polyolefins from fiber to nanofiber: fabrication and recent applications. Discover Nano 19: 24 [CrossRef]
  25. Yeung CWS, Teo JYQ, Loh XJ, Lim JYC (2021) Polyolefins and polystyrene as chemical resources for a sustainable future: Challenges, advances, and prospects. ACS Mater Lett 3: 1660-1676 [CrossRef]
  26. Vega JF, Souza-Egipsy V, Expósito MT, Ramos J (2022) Melting temperature depression of polymer single crystals: Application to the eco-design of tie-layers in polyolefinic-based multilayered films. Polymers 14: 1622 [CrossRef]
  27. Picuno C, Alassali A, Chong ZK, Kuchta K (2021) Flows of post-consumer plastic packaging in Germany: An MFA-aided case study. Resour Conserv Recycl 169: 105515 [CrossRef]
  28. Hutley TJ, Ouederni M (2016) Polyolefins—The History and economic impact. In: Polyolefin compounds and materials, Al-Ali AlMa'adeed M., Krupa I (eds), Springer series on polymer and composite materials, Springer, pp.: 13-50 [CrossRef]
  29. Kamil LS, Mohammed TW (2022) Variation of thermal properties of polyolefins due to the progression in the recycling cycles. NeuroQuantology 20 (6): 8165-8175
  30. Lin Y, Bilotti E, Bastiaansen CW, Peijs T (2020) Transparent semi‐crystalline polymeric materials and their nanocomposites: A review. Polym Eng Sci 60: 2351-2376 [CrossRef]
  31. Ammala A, Bateman S, Dean K, Petinakis E, Sangwan P, Wong S, Yuan Q, Yu L, Patrick C, Leong K (2011) An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins. Prog Polym Sci 36: 1015-1049 [CrossRef]
  32. Azandariani MG, Vajdian M, Asghari K, Mehrabi S (2023) Mechanical properties of polyolefin and polypropylene fibers-reinforced concrete–An experimental study. Composites C Open Access 12: 100410 [CrossRef]
  33. Zhu S, Guo Y, Chen Y, Liu S (2020) Low water absorption, high-strength polyamide 6 composites blended with sustainable bamboo-based biochar. Nanomaterials 10: 1367 [CrossRef]
  34. Lubna MM, Mohammed Z, Biswas MC, Hoque ME (2021) Fiber-reinforced polymer composites in aviation. In: Fiber-reinforced polymers: processes and applications, Nova Science Pub Inc, pp.:177-210
  35. Al-Ali AlMa’adeed M, Krupa I (2016) Introduction. In: Polyolefin compunds and materials, Springer series on polymer and composite materials, pp.: 1-11 [CrossRef]
  36. Utracki LA (2014) Polyethylenes and their blends. In: Polymer blends handbook, pp.: 1559-1732 [CrossRef]
  37. Salakhov II, Shaidullin NM, Chalykh AE, Matsko MA, Shapagin AV, Batyrshin AZ, Shandryuk GA, Nifant’ev IE (2021) Low-temperature mechanical properties of high-density and low-density polyethylene and their blends. Polymers 13: 1821 [CrossRef]
  38. Jung H, Shin G, Kwak H, Hao LT, Jegal J, Kim HJ, Jeon H, Park J, Oh DX (2023) Review of polymer technologies for improving the recycling and upcycling efficiency of plastic waste. Chemosphere 320: 138089 [CrossRef]
  39. Hossain MT, Shahid MA, Mahmud N, Habib A, Rana MM, Khan SA, Hossain MD (2024) Research and application of polypropylene: a review. Discover Nano 19: 2 [CrossRef]
  40. Shirvanimoghaddam K, Balaji K, Yadav R, Zabihi O, Ahmadi M, Adetunji P, Naebe M (2021) Balancing the toughness and strength in polypropylene composites. Composites B: Eng 223: 109121 [CrossRef]
  41. Wang S, Muiruri JK, Soo XYD, Liu S, Thitsartarn W, Tan BH, Suwardi A, Li Z, Zhu Q, Loh XJ (2023) Bio‐polypropylene and polypropylene‐based biocomposites: Solutions for a sustainable future. Chem Asian J 18: e202200972 [CrossRef]
  42. Norrrahim MNF, Tengku Yasim‐Anuar TA, Sapuan S, Ilyas R, Hakimi MI, Syed Najmuddin SUF, Jenol MA (2021) Nanocellulose reinforced polypropylene and polyethylene composite for packaging application. In: Bio‐based Packaging: Material, Environmental and Economic Aspects, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA (eds), Wiley, pp.: 133-150 [CrossRef]
  43. Jin M, Neuber C, Schmidt H (2020) Tailoring polypropylene for extrusion-based additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf 33: 101101 [CrossRef]
  44. Uwa CA, Sadiku ER, Jamiru T, Nnachi AF (2021) Synthesis and characterisation of polypropylene nanocomposites for food packaging material. Materials Today: Proceedings 38: 1197-1202 [CrossRef]
  45. Reichert CL, Bugnicourt E, Coltelli M, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, Canesi I, Braca F, Martínez BM, Alonso R, Agostinis L, Verstichel S, Six L, Mets SD, Gómez EC, Ißbrücker C, Geerinck R, Nettleton DF, Campos I, Sauter E, Pieczyk P, Schmid M (2020) Bio-based packaging: Materials, modifications, industrial applications and sustainability. Polymers 12: 1558 [CrossRef]
  46. Guo Y, Fu Z, Xu J, Fan Z (2017) Structure and properties of ethylene/propylene copolymers synthesized with bis(2,4,7-trimethylindenyl)zirconium dichloride activated by methyl aluminoxanes containing different amount of trimethylaluminum. Polymer 122: 77-86 [CrossRef]
  47. Cecon VS, Da Silva PF, Vorst KL, Curtzwiler GW (2021) Dataset of the properties of polyethylene (PE) blends of different densities mixed with post-consumer recycled polyethylene (PCRPE). Data Brief 38: 107452 [CrossRef]
  48. Peterlin A (1971) Molecular model of drawing polyethylene and polypropylene. J Mater Sci 6: 490-508 [CrossRef]
  49. Teh JW (1983) Structure and properties of polyethylene–polypropylene blend. J Appl Polym Sci 28: 605-618 [CrossRef]
  50. Baur E, Osswald TA, Rudolph N (2019) Plastics Handbook, Springer [CrossRef]
  51. Robertson GL (2016) Food Packaging, 3rd ed, CRC Press [CrossRef]
  52. Selke SEM, Culter JD, Hernandez RJ (2004) Plastics packaging: properties, processing, applications, and regulations
  53. Guzman-Puyol S, Benítez JJ, Heredia-Guerrero JA (2022) Transparency of polymeric food packaging materials. Food Res Int 161: 111792 [CrossRef]
  54. Wang L, Chen C, Wang J, Gardner DJ, Tajvidi M (2020) Cellulose nanofibrils versus cellulose nanocrystals: Comparison of performance in flexible multilayer films for packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 23: 100464 [CrossRef]
  55. Gopanna A, Rajan KP, Thomas SP, Chavali M (2019) Polyethylene and polypropylene matrix composites for biomedical applications. In: Materials for biomedical engineering, Elsevier, pp.: 175-216 [CrossRef]
  56. Zanchin G, Leone G (2021) Polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers from polymerization catalysis: Advantages, pitfalls and future challenges. Prog Polym Sci 113: 101342 [CrossRef]
  57. Naser AZ, Deiab I, Defersha F, Yang S (2021) Expanding poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) applications: A review on modifications and effects. Polymers 13: 4271 [CrossRef]
  58. Behera S, Priyadarshanee M, Vandana , Das S (2022) Polyhydroxyalkanoates, the bioplastics of microbial origin: Properties, biochemical synthesis, and their applications. Chemosphere 294: 133723 [CrossRef]
  59. Kumari SVG, Pakshirajan K, Pugazhenthi G (2022) Recent advances and future prospects of cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates for sustainable food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 221: 163-182 [CrossRef]
  60. Nizamuddin S, Baloch AJ, Chen C, Arif M, Mubarak NM (2024) Bio-based plastics, biodegradable plastics, and compostable plastics: biodegradation mechanism, biodegradability standards and environmental stratagem. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 195: 105887 [CrossRef]
  61. Vasiljevic L, Pavlović S (2017) Biodegradable polymers based on proteins and carbohydrates. In: Advances in applications of industrial biomaterials, Springer Nature, pp.: 87-101 [CrossRef]
  62. Popov AA (2021) Biodegradable polymer compositions based on polyolefins. Polym Sci A 63: 623-636 [CrossRef]
  63. Alonso YN, Grafia AL, Castillo LA, Barbosa SE (2021) Active packaging films based on polyolefins modified by organic and inorganic nanoparticles. In: Reactive and functional polymers, 3rd Vol, Springer Nature, pp.: 5-28 [CrossRef]
  64. Kumar J, Akhila K, Gaikwad KK (2021) Recent developments in intelligent packaging systems for food processing industry: a review. J Food Proc Technol 12: 895
  65. Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Sheikh MF, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M (2022) Biopolymeric sustainable materials and their emerging applications. J Environ Chem Eng 10: 108159 [CrossRef]
  66. Lase IS, Bashirgonbadi A, van Rhijn F, Dewulf J, Ragaert K, Delva L, Roosen M, Brandsma M, Langen M, De Meester S (2022) Material flow analysis and recycling performance of an improved mechanical recycling process for post-consumer flexible plastics. Waste Manage 153: 249-263 [CrossRef]
  67. Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS (2023) Nanotechnology in innovative food preservation and packaging. In: Emerging technologies in food preservation, 1st ed, Taylor & Francis, pp.: 349-376 [CrossRef]
  68. Kushwaha SP, Hasan SM, Ved A, Kumar P, Singh K, Shukla KS, Kumar A, Shoaib A (2025) Nanotechnology in the fabrication of improved, active and smart packaging materials. In: Nanotechnology in food packaging, Springer Nature, pp.: 89-114 [CrossRef]
  69. Pei J, Palanisamy CP, Srinivasan GP, Panagal M, Kumar SSD, Mironescu M (2024) A comprehensive review on starch-based sustainable edible films loaded with bioactive components for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 274: 133332 [CrossRef]
  70. Demircan B, Velioglu YS (2025) Revolutionizing single-use food packaging: A comprehensive review of heat-sealable, water-soluble, and edible pouches, sachets, bags, or packets. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 65: 1497-1517 [CrossRef]
  71. Jeswani H, Krüger C, Russ M, Horlacher M, Antony F, Hann S, Azapagic A (2021) Life cycle environmental impacts of chemical recycling via pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste in comparison with mechanical recycling and energy recovery. Sci Total Environ 769: 144483 [CrossRef]
  72. Li Z, Wang X, Wu M, Yao S, Guo J, Chen M, Xiong S, Wang L (2023) Polylactide/cellulose pulp composite paper with laminate structure via polylactide ultrafine fiber for eco-friendly straw. Ind Crops Prod 204: 117322 [CrossRef]
  73. Derossi A, Corradini M, Caporizzi R, Oral M, Severini C (2023) Accelerating the process development of innovative food products by prototyping through 3D printing technology. Food Biosci 52: 102417 [CrossRef]
  74. Westlie AH, Chen EY, Holland CM, Stahl SS, Doyle M, Trenor SR, Knauer KM (2022) Polyolefin innovations toward circularity and sustainable alternatives. Macromol Rapid Commun 43: 2200492 [CrossRef]
  75. Eissenberger K, Ballesteros A, De Bisschop R, Bugnicourt E, Cinelli P, Defoin M, Demeyer E, Fürtauer S, Gioia C, Gómez L, Hornberger R, Ißbrücker C, Mennella M, von Pogrell H, Rodriguez-Turienzo L, Romano A, Rosato A, Saile N, Schulz C, Schwede K, Sisti L, Spinelli D, Sturm M, Uyttendaele W, Verstichel S, Schmid M (2023) Approaches in sustainable, biobased multilayer packaging solutions. Polymers 15: 1184 [CrossRef]
  76. De Luca S, Milanese D, Gallichi-Nottiani D, Cavazza A, Sciancalepore C (2023) Poly(lactic acid) and Its Blends for Packaging Application: A Review. Clean Technol 5: 1304-1343 [CrossRef]
  77. Wang XY, Gao Y, Tang Y (2023) Sustainable developments in polyolefin chemistry: Progress, challenges, and outlook. Prog Polym Sci 143:101713 [CrossRef]
  78. Mahmud MZA, Mobarak MH, Hossain N (2024) Emerging trends in biomaterials for sustainable food packaging: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 10: e24122 [CrossRef]
  79. Rajan SS, Wani KM (2025) A review of smart food and packaging technologies: Revolutionizing nutrition and sustainability. Food Hum 4: 100593 [CrossRef]
  80. Kara S, Hauschild M, Sutherland J, McAloone T (2022) Closed-loop systems to circular economy: A pathway to environmental sustainability? CIRP Annals 71: 505-528 [CrossRef]
  81. Jubinville D, Esmizadeh E, Saikrishnan S, Tzoganakis C, Mekonnen T (2020) A comprehensive review of global production and recycling methods of polyolefin (PO) based products and their post-recycling applications. Sustain Mater Technol 25: e00188 [CrossRef]
  82. Ncube LK, Ude AU, Ogunmuyiwa EN, Zulkifli R, Beas IN (2020) Environmental impact of food packaging materials: A review of contemporary development from conventional plastics to polylactic acid based materials. Materials 13: 4994 [CrossRef]
  83. Kumar R, Verma A, Shome A, Sinha R, Sinha S, Jha PK, Kumar R, Kumar P, Shubham , Das S, Sharma P, Vara Prasad PV (2021) Impacts of plastic pollution on ecosystem services, sustainable development goals, and need to focus on circular economy and policy interventions. Sustainability 13: 9963 [CrossRef]
  84. Yoro KO, Daramola MO (2020) CO2 emission sources, greenhouse gases, and the global warming effect. In: Advances in carbon capture, Woodhead Publishing, pp.: 3-28 [CrossRef]
  85. Ulkir O (2023) Energy-consumption-based life cycle assessment of additive-manufactured product with different types of materials. Polymers 15: 1466 [CrossRef]
  86. Jin Y, Behrens P, Tukker A, Scherer L (2019) Water use of electricity technologies: A global meta-analysis. Renew Sust Energ Rev 115: 109391 [CrossRef]
  87. Xu Y, Zhao F (2023) Impact of energy depletion, human development, and income distribution on natural resource sustainability. Resour Policy 83: 103531 [CrossRef]
  88. Kumar A, Agrawal A (2020) Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities – A review. Cur Res Env Sust 2: 100011 [CrossRef]
  89. Munsif R, Zubair M, Aziz A, Nadeem Zafar M (2021) Industrial air emission pollution: Potential sources and sustainable mitigation. In: Environmental Emissions, Intechopen [CrossRef]
  90. Barlow CY, Morgan DC (2013) Polymer film packaging for food: An environmental assessment. Resour Conserv Recycl 78: 74-80 [CrossRef]
  91. Han M, Liu H, Zhu T, Tang S, Li Y, Zhu C, Zhou Z, Jiang Q (2024) Toxic effects of micro(nano)-plastics on terrestrial ecosystems and human health. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 172: 117517 [CrossRef]
  92. Rahman MM, Alam K, Velayutham E (2021) Is industrial pollution detrimental to public health? Evidence from the world’s most industrialised countries. BMC Public Health 21: 1175 [CrossRef]
  93. Markandeya N, Joshi AN, Chavan NN, Kamble SP (2023) Plastic recycling: Challenges, opportunities, and future aspects. In: Advanced Materials from Recycled Waste, Elsevier, pp.: 317-356 [CrossRef]
  94. Ragaert K, Delva L, Van Geem K (2017) Mechanical and chemical recycling of solid plastic waste. Waste Manage 69: 24-58 [CrossRef]
  95. Sable S, Ikar M, Dudheinamdar P (2024) Exploring the complexities and challenges of plastic recycling: A comprehensive research review. 2nd International Conference on Smart Sustainable Materials and Technologies (ICSSMT 2023), pp.: 189-202 [CrossRef]
  96. Kijo-Kleczkowska A, Gnatowski A (2022) Recycling of plastic waste, with particular emphasis on thermal methods—review. Energies 15: 2114 [CrossRef]
  97. van Bijsterveldt CE, van Wesenbeeck BK, Ramadhani S, Raven OV, van Gool FE, Pribadi R, Bouma TJ (2021) Does plastic waste kill mangroves? A field experiment to assess the impact of macro plastics on mangrove growth, stress response and survival. Sci Total Environ 756: 143826 [CrossRef]
  98. Wiles DM, Scott G (2006) Polyolefins with controlled environmental degradability. Polymer Degrad Stabil 91: 1581-1592 [CrossRef]
  99. Bucknall DG (2020) Plastics as a materials system in a circular economy. Philos Trans Royal Soc A 378: 20190268 [CrossRef]
  100. Sani MA, Azizi-Lalabadi M, Tavassoli M, Mohammadi K, McClements DJ (2021) Recent advances in the development of smart and active biodegradable packaging materials. Nanomaterials 11: 1331 [CrossRef]
  101. Varyan I, Kolesnikova N, Xu H, Tyubaeva P, Popov A (2022) Biodegradability of polyolefin-based compositions: Effect of natural rubber. Polymers 14: 530 [CrossRef]
  102. Rajeshkumar L (2022) Biodegradable polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. In: Biodegradable polymers, blends and composites,Woodhead Publishing, pp.: 527-549 [CrossRef]
  103. Mamin EA, Pantyukhov PV, Olkhov AA (2023) Oxo-additives for polyolefin Ddgradation: Kinetics and mechanism. Macromol 3: 477-506 [CrossRef]
  104. Biundo A, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM (2018) Surface engineering of polyester-degrading enzymes to improve efficiency and tune specificity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102: 3551-3559 [CrossRef]
  105. Jang H, Kwon S, Kim SJ, Park S (2022) Maleic anhydride-grafted PLA preparation and characteristics of compatibilized PLA/PBSeT blend films. Int J Mol Sci 23: 7166 [CrossRef]
  106. Somanathan H, Sathasivam R, Sivaram S, Mariappan Kumaresan S, Muthuraman MS, Park SU (2022) An update on polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulch films and their impact on the environment. Chemosphere 307: 135839 [CrossRef]
  107. Evode N, Qamar SA, Bilal M, Barceló D, Iqbal HM (2021) Plastic waste and its management strategies for environmental sustainability. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 4: 100142 [CrossRef]
  108. Thanomsilp C, Phetthianchai U (2012) Synthesis and characterisation of PLA-CO-PEG copolymers. Adv Mater Res 506: 178-181 [CrossRef]
  109. Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS (2017) Applications of nanoclay-containing polymer nanocomposites. In: Inorganic nanosheets and nanosheet-based materials, Springer Nature, pp.: 501-521 [CrossRef]
  110. Oloyede OO, Lignou S (2021) Sustainable paper-based packaging: A consumer’s perspective. Foods 10: 1035 [CrossRef]
  111. Nanda S, Patra BR, Patel R, Bakos J, Dalai AK (2022) Innovations in applications and prospects of bioplastics and biopolymers: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20: 379-395 [CrossRef]
  112. Vinci G, D’Ascenzo F, Esposito A, Musarra M (2019) Glass beverages packaging: Innovation by sustainable production. Trends Beverage Packag 2019: 105-133 [CrossRef]
  113. Deshwal GK, Panjagari NR (2020) Review on metal packaging: materials, forms, food applications, safety and recyclability. J Food Sci Technol 57: 2377-2392 [CrossRef]
  114. Cheng J, Gao R, Zhu Y, Lin Q (2024) Applications of biodegradable materials in food packaging: A review. Alexandria Eng J 91: 70-83 [CrossRef]
  115. Prasad C, Jeong S, Won JS, Ramanjaneyulu S, Sangaraju S, Kerru N, Choi HY (2024) Review on recent advances in cellulose nanofibril based hybrid aerogels: Synthesis, properties and their applications. Int J Biol Macromol 261: 129460 [CrossRef]
  116. Velenturf AP, Purnell P (2021) Principles for a sustainable circular economy. Sust Prod Consump 27: 1437-1457 [CrossRef]
  117. Möslinger M, Ulpiani G, Vetters N (2023) Circular economy and waste management to empower a climate-neutral urban future. J Clean Prod 421: 138454 [CrossRef]
  118. Sikdar S, Siddaiah A, Menezes PL (2020) Conversion of waste plastic to oils for tribological applications. Lubricants 8: 78 [CrossRef]
  119. Prajapati R, Kohli K, Maity SK, Sharma BK (2021) Recovery and recycling of polymeric and plastic materials. In. Recent developments in plastic recycling, Springer Nature, pp.: 15-41 [CrossRef]
  120. Al-Salem S, Lettieri P, Baeyens J (2009) Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): A review. Waste Manage 29: 2625-2643 [CrossRef]
  121. Soares CTDM, Ek M, Östmark E, Gällstedt M, Karlsson S (2022) Recycling of multi-material multilayer plastic packaging: Current trends and future scenarios. Resour Conserv Recycl 176: 105905 [CrossRef]
  122. Ackerman J, Levin DB (2023) Rethinking plastic recycling: A comparison between North America and Europe. J Environ Manage 340: 117859 [CrossRef]
  123. Kuan SH, Low FS, Chieng S (2022) Towards regional cooperation on sustainable plastic recycling: comparative analysis of plastic waste recycling policies and legislations in Japan and Malaysia. Clean Technol Environ Policy 24: 761-777 [CrossRef]
  124. Margallo M, Ziegler-Rodriguez K, Vázquez-Rowe I, Aldaco R, Irabien Á, Kahhat R (2019) Enhancing waste management strategies in Latin America under a holistic environmental assessment perspective: A review for policy support. Sci Total Environ 689: 1255-1275 [CrossRef]
  125. Thabit Q, Nassour A, Nelles M (2022) Facts and figures on aspects of waste management in middle east and north Africa region. Waste 1: 52-80 [CrossRef]
  126. Muringayil Joseph T, Azat S, Ahmadi Z, Moini Jazani O, Esmaeili A, Kianfar E, Haponiuk J, Thomas S (2024) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling: A review. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 9: 100673 [CrossRef]
  127. Zhang J, Hirschberg V, Goecke A, Wilhelm M, Yu W, Orfgen M, Rodrigue D (2024) Effect of mechanical recycling on molecular structure and rheological properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Polymer 297: 126866 [CrossRef]
  128. Schulte A, Velarde PÁS, Marbach L, Mörbitz P (2023) Measuring the circularity potential of recycled LDPE based on quantity and quality conservation - a functional requirement matrix approach. Resour Conserv Recycl Adv 17: 200127 [CrossRef]
  129. Jubinville D, Esmizadeh E, Tzoganakis C, Mekonnen T (2021) Thermo-mechanical recycling of polypropylene for the facile and scalable fabrication of highly loaded wood plastic composites. Compos B Eng 219: 108873 [CrossRef]
  130. Janajreh I, Alshrah M, Zamzam S (2015) Mechanical recycling of PVC plastic waste streams from cable industry: A case study. Sust Cities Soc 18: 13-20 [CrossRef]
  131. Maris J, Bourdon S, Brossard J, Cauret L, Fontaine L, Montembault V (2018) Mechanical recycling: Compatibilization of mixed thermoplastic wastes. Polym Degrad Stabil 147: 245-266 [CrossRef]
  132. Abdy C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yang Y, Artamendi I, Allen B (2022) Pyrolysis of polyolefin plastic waste and potential applications in asphalt road construction: A technical review. Resour Conserv Recycl 180: 106213 [CrossRef]
  133. Frączak D (2022) Chemical recycling of polyolefins (PE, PP): Modern technologies and products. In: Waste material recycling in the circular economy - Challenges and developments, Intechopen [CrossRef]
  134. Zou L, Xu R, Wang H, Wang Z, Sun Y, Li M (2023) Chemical recycling of polyolefins: a closed-loop cycle of waste to olefins. Natl Sci Rev 10: nwad207 [CrossRef]
  135. Sharma B, Goswami Y, Sharma S, Shekhar S (2021) Inherent roadmap of conversion of plastic waste into energy and its life cycle assessment: A frontrunner compendium. Renew Sust Energy Rev 146: 111070 [CrossRef]
  136. Prakash A, Palkar RR (2021) Co-processing of plastic waste in a cement kiln: a better option. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30: 24804-24814 [CrossRef]
  137. Valizadeh S, Valizadeh B, Seo MW, Choi YJ, Lee J, Chen W, Lin KA, Park Y (2024) Recent advances in liquid fuel production from plastic waste via pyrolysis: Emphasis on polyolefins and polystyrene. Environ Res 246: 118154 [CrossRef]
  138. Praveenkumar T, Sekar M, Pasupuleti RR, Gavurová B, Arun Kumar G, Vignesh Kumar M (2024) Current technologies for plastic waste treatment for energy recovery, it's effects on poly aromatic hydrocarbons emission and recycling strategies. Fuel 357: 129379 [CrossRef]
  139. Manikandan S, Vickram S, Deena SR, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N (2024) Critical review on fostering sustainable progress: An in-depth evaluation of cleaner production methodologies and pioneering innovations in industrial processes. J Clean Prod 452: 142207 [CrossRef]
  140. Silva N, Pålsson H (2022) Industrial packaging and its impact on sustainability and circular economy: A systematic literature review. J Clean Prod 333: 130165 [CrossRef]
  141. Norton V, Oloyede OO, Lignou S, Wang QJ, Vásquez G, Alexi N (2023) Understanding consumers' sustainability knowledge and behaviour towards food packaging to develop tailored consumer-centric engagement campaigns: A Greece and the United Kingdom perspective. J Clean Prod 408: 137169 [CrossRef]
  142. Rhein S, Schmid M (2020) Consumers’ awareness of plastic packaging: More than just environmental concerns. Resources, Conserv Recycl 162: 105063 [CrossRef]
  143. Wandosell G, Parra-Meroño MC, Alcayde A, Baños R (2021) Green packaging from consumer and business perspectives. Sustainability 13: 1356 [CrossRef]
  144. Gigante V, Aliotta L, Ascrizzi R, Pistelli L, Zinnai A, Batoni G, Coltelli M, Lazzeri A (2023) Innovative biobased and sustainable polymer packaging solutions for extending bread shelf life: A review. Polymers 15: 4700 [CrossRef]
  145. Duarte P, Silva SC, Roza AS, Dias JC (2024) Enhancing consumer purchase intentions for sustainable packaging products: An in-depth analysis of key determinants and strategic insights. Sust Futures 7: 100193 [CrossRef]
  146. Genç R (2017) The importance of communication in sustainability & sustainable strategies. Procedia Manuf 8: 511-516 [CrossRef]
  147. Ahmad F, Saeed Q, Shah SMU, Gondal MA, Mumtaz S (2022) Environmental sustainability: Challenges and approaches. In: Natural resources conservation and advances for sustainability, Elsevier, pp.: 243-270 [CrossRef]
  148. Zambujal‐Oliveira J, Fernandes C (2024) The contribution of sustainable packaging to the circular food supply chain. Packag Technol Sci 37: 443-456 [CrossRef]
  149. Naser N (ed.) (2024) Technology innovation for the circular economy: Recycling, remanufacturing, design, systems analysis and logistics, John Wiley[CrossRef]
  150. Lu M, Wang S, Su M, Weng Z, Zheng J, Gupta NK, Cai K, Shou Z, Ke Q (2025) Insights into chemical recycling and upgrading strategies for polyolefin-based plastics. Ind Eng Chem Res 64: 5765-5781 [CrossRef]
  151. Novák I, Popelka A, Špitalský Z, Krupa I, Tavman S (2016) Polyolefin in packaging and food industry. In: Polyolefin compounds and materials, Springer series on polymer and composite materials: pp.: 181-199 [CrossRef]
  152. Mukurumbira AR, Shellie RA, Keast R, Palombo EA, Jadhav SR (2022) Encapsulation of essential oils and their application in antimicrobial active packaging. Food Control 136: 108883 [CrossRef]
  153. Bharti S, Jaiswal S, Sharma V, Inamuddin (2023) Perspective and challenges: Intelligent to smart packaging for future generations. In: Green sustainable process for chemical and environmental engineering and science, Elsevier, pp.: 171-183 [CrossRef]
  154. Reznichenko A, Harlin A (2022) Next generation of polyolefin plastics: improving sustainability with existing and novel feedstock base. SN Applied Sciences 4: 108 [CrossRef]
  155. Sujanska L, Nadanyiova M (2024) Green marketing and brand perception: Unveiling the consumer perspective. In: Corporate practices: Policies, methodologies, and insights in organizational management, Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, pp.: 951-962 [CrossRef]
  156. Li P, Yang J, Jiménez-Carvelo AM, Erasmus SW (2024) Applications of food packaging quick response codes in information transmission toward food supply chain integrity. Trends Food Sci Technol 146: 104384 [CrossRef]
  157. Dey A, Ashok SD (2025) Policy pathways utilizing extended producer responsibility and eco-modulation frameworks for sustainable food packaging waste management in India: A review. Results Eng 26: 104885 [CrossRef]

 

Polyolefins Journal
Volume 12, Issue 3 - Serial Number 29
September 2025
Pages 141-163
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 27 February 2025
  • Revise Date: 12 July 2025
  • Accept Date: 17 July 2025
  • First Publish Date: 17 July 2025
Share
How to cite
Statistics