ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Melt free-radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto EPDM backbone and effect of EPDM-g-GMA on the morphology and mechanical properties of PS/EPDM/PA6 ternary blends
Melt free-radical grafting reactions between ethylene-propylene-dieneterpolymer (EPDM) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were investigated in a batch mixer (170°C, 60rpm). Effect of dicumylperoxide (DCP) initiator and GMA functionalizing monomer concentrations was studied on the grafted EPDM characteristics. Titration results indicated an increase in the graft degree (GD) and gel content (GC) values with increasing DCP concentration as a result of increasing primary free radical concentration and strengthening cross-linking side reaction. FTIR spectrums confirmed that GMA functionalities have been grafted onto EPDM with appearing carbonyl (C=O) peak. After that, the resultant EPDM-g-GMA was used as compatibilizer in PS(polystyrene)/EPDM/PA6 (polyamide6) ternary blends. The effect of rubbery compatibilizer on the blend morphology and mechanical properties was studied. The ATR-FTIR spectra of ternary blends, etched to remove unreacted PA6, demonstrated that the compatibilizing reactions occurred during melt blending. By investigating the SEM micrographs it was revealed that the EPDM-g-GMA compatibilizer at the concentration range of 5 wt.% to 15 wt.% changed the size and type of the blend morphology from separated dispersed to multicore-shell morphology. The finest morphology was achieved by using 7.5 wt.% EPDM-g-GMA. Also, the presence of compatibilizer up to 7.5 wt.% could improve the tensile modulus, yield stress and impact strength, but a decreasing trend was observed at higher concentration of the compatibilizer.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1736_ccc3301bbf95ab1ba4936f542648b1eb.pdf
2021-01-01
1
9
10.22063/poj.2020.2727.1161
Functionalizing
glycidyl methacrylate
Polystyrene/Ethylene-propylene-dieneterpolymer/Polyamide6
microstructure
impact strength
Marzie
Alidadi-Shamsabadi
malidadi@aut.ac.ir
1
Polymer Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 5875/4413, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shirin
Shokoohi
shokoohish@ripi.ir
2
Chemical, Polymeric and Petrochemical Technology Development Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Passaglia E, Coiai S, Augier S (2009) Control of macromolecular architecture during the reactive functionalization in the melt of olefin polymers. Prog Polym Sci 34: 911-947
1
Belekian D, Beyou E, Chaumont P, Cassagnau P, Flat JJ, Quinebèche S, Guillaneuf Y, Gigmes D (2015) Effect of nitroxyl-based radicals on the melt radical grafting of maleic anhydride onto polyethylene in presence of a peroxide. Eur polym J 66: 342-351
2
Liu W, Liu T, Liu T, Liu T, Xin J, Hiscox WC, Liu H, Liu L, Zhang J (2017) Improving grafting efficiency of dicarboxylic anhydride monomer on polylactic acid by manipulating monomer structure and using comonomer and reducing agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 56: 3920-3927
3
Bansod ND, Kapgate BP, Maji PK, Bandyopadhyay A, Das C (2018) Functionalization of EPDM rubber toward better silica dispersion and reinforcement. Rubber Chem Techn 92: 219-236
4
Cho KY, Eom J-Y, Kim C-H, Park J-K (2008) Grafting of glycidyl methacrylate onto highdensity polyethylene with reaction time in the batch mixer. J Appl Polym Sci 108: 1093-1099
5
Doudin K, Ahmad A, Al-Malaika S (2009) Reactive processing of polymers: Structural characterisation of products by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy for glycidyl methacrylate grafting onto EPR in the absence and presence of a reactive comonomer. Polym Degrad Stabil 94: 1599-1614
6
Saeb MR,Garmabi H (2009) Investigation of styrene-assisted free-radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate onto high-density polyethylene using response surface method. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 1600-1605
7
Jazani OM, Rastin H, Formela K, Hejna A, Shahbazi M, Farkiani B, Saeb MR (2017) An investigation on the role of GMA grafting degree on the efficiency of PET/PP-g-GMA reactive blending: Morphology and mechanical properties. Polym Bull 74: 4483-4497
8
Papke N, Karger-Kocsis J (1999) Determination methods of the grafting yield in glycidyl methacrylate-grafted ethylene/propylene/diene rubber (EPDM-g-GMA): Correlation between FTIR and 1H-NMR analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2616-2624
9
Gross IP, Schneider FS, Caro MS, da Conceição TF, Caramori GF, Pires AT (2018) Polylactic acid, maleic anhydride and dicumyl peroxide: NMR study of the free-radical melt reaction product. Polym Degrad Stabil 155: 1-8
10
Huang L-P, Zhou X-P, Cui W, Xie X-L, Tong S-Y (2009) Maleic anhydride-grafted linear lowdensity polyethylene with low gel content. Polym Eng Sci 49: 673-679
11
Fang Z, Guo Z, Zha L (2004) Toughening of polystyrene with ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) compatibilized by styrenebutadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS). Macromol Mater Eng 289: 743-748
12
Li J, Guo S, Slezák R, Hausnerová B (2005) In situ compatibilization of PS/EPDM blends during ultrasonic extrusion. Macromol Chem Phys 206: 2429-2439
13
Scares BG, Sirqueira AS, Oliveira MG, Almeida MS (2002) Compatibilization of elastomer-based blends. Macromol Symp 189: 59-82
14
Shokoohi S, Arefazar A, Naderi G (2012) Compatibilized PP/EPDM/PA6 ternary blends: extended morphological studies. Polym Adv Technol 23: 418-424
15
Ravanbakhsh M, Khorasani SN, Khalili S (2015) Blending of NR/BR/ENR/EPDM-gGMA by reactive processing for tire sidewall applications: Effects of grafting and ENR on curing characteristics, mechanical properties, and dynamic ozone resistance. J Elastom Plast 48: 394-403
16
Alidadi-Shamsabadi M, Arefazar A, Shokoohi S (2020) Response surface analysis of PS/EPDM/PA6 ternary blends: Effect of mixing sequence, composition, and viscosity ratio on the mechanical properties. J Vinyl Addit Technol 26: 282-290
17
Sheshkali HRZ, Assempour H, Nazockdast H (2007) Parameters affecting the grafting reaction and side reactions involved in the free-radical melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto high-density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 1869-1881
18
Wei Q, Chionna D, Galoppini E, Pracella M (2003) Functionalization of LDPE by melt grafting with glycidyl methacrylate and reactive bending with polyamide-6. Macromol Chem Phys 204: 1123- 1133
19
20.Al-Malaika S, Eddiyanto E (2010) Reactive processing of polymers: Effect of bifunctional and tri-functional comonomers on melt grafting of glycidyl methacrylate onto polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stabil 95: 353-362
20
Brito GF, Xin J, Zhang P, Mélo TJ, Zhang J (2014) Enhanced melt free radical grafting efficiency of polyethylene using a novel redox initiation method. RSC Adv 4: 26425-26433
21
Al-Malaika S, Kong W (2001) Reactive processing of polymers: Melt grafting of glycidyl methacrylate on ethylene propylene copolymer in the presence of a coagent. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1401-1415
22
Libio IC, Grassi VG, Dal Pizzol MF, Bohrz Nachtigall SM (2012) Toughened polystyrene with improved photoresistance: Effects of the compatibilizers. J Appl Polym Sci 126: 179-185
23
Yang W, Dominici F, Fortunati E, Kenny JM, Puglia D (2015) Melt free radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto fully biodegradable poly (lactic) acid films: Effect of cellulose nanocrystals and a masterbatch process. RSC Adv 5: 32350-32357
24
Hu G-H, Cartier H (1999) Styrene-assisted melt free radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate onto an ethylene and propylene rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 125-133
25
Al-Malaika S, Kong W (2005) Reactive processing of polymers: Functionalisation of ethylene–propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) in the presence and absence of a co-agent and effect of functionalised EPDM on compatibilization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/EPDM blends. Polym Degrad Stabil 90: 197-210
26
Heinen W, Rosenmöller C, Wenzel C, De Groot H, Lugtenburg J, Van Duin M (1996) 13C NMR study of the grafting of maleic anhydride onto polyethene, polypropene, and ethene− propene copolymers. Macromolecules 29: 1151-1157
27
Jazani OM, Arefazar A, Peymanfar MR, Saeb MR, Talaei A, Bahadori B (2013) The Influence of NBR-g-GMA compatibilizer on the morphology and mechanical properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate/NBR ternary blends. Polym-Plast Technol 52: 1295-1302
28
Jazani OM, Arefazar A, Jafari SH, Peymanfar MR, Saeb MR, Talaei A (2013) SEBS-g-MAH as a reactive compatibilizer precursor for PP/PTT/SEBS ternary blends: Morphology and mechanical properties. Polymer-Plastics Technol 52: 206-212
29
Li H, Sui X, Xie X-M (2018) Correlation of morphology evolution with superior mechanical properties in PA6/PS/PP/SEBS blends compatibilized by multi-phase compatibilizers. Chinese J Polym Sci 36: 848-858
30
Jazani OM, Arefazar A, Jafari S, Beheshty M, Ghaemi A (2011) A study on the effects of SEBSg-MAH on the phase morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polycarbonate/SEBS ternary polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2680-2687
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of grafting of maleic anhydride onto linear low density polyethylene with hexene-1 and butene-1 comonomers and prediction of optimum ingredients by response surface methodology
In this work, the grafting of maleic anhydride onto two types of linear low density polyethylene with hexene-1 comonomer (LLDPE-H1) and butene-1 comonomer (LLDPE-B1), in the presence of styrene monomer (St) and dicumyl peroxide initiator (DCP) has been studied. The combined influences of MAH, St and DCP on the grafting efficiency via a melt reactive mixing process have been investigated using response surface methodology and the central cubic design has been employed for experimental design and data analysis. IR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements and adhesion test have been used to evaluate the extent of grafting reaction. The results showed that LLDPE-H1 with a 2.2% maximum grafting content showed more grafting content than the LLDPE-B1 (1.86%). This effect could be attributed to the type of comonomer in LLDPE-H1 which made it more prone to chain scission than LLDPE-B1, and a higher level of grafting was achieved. The gel content measurement showed that lower cross-linked structure was formed during the grafting process in the LLDP-H1 than that in the LLDPE-B1. The optimum conditions of maximum grafting and minimum gel content were statically investigated. The optimum percentage of grafting for LLDPE-H1 was 1.82% and it was 1.74% for LLDPE-B1, with the minimum gel content of 6.5% and 9%, respectively. It was found that the amount of grafted percentage was sensitive to the concentrations of the MAH, DCP, and St, while the extent of the gel content was more sensitive to the percentage of DCP.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1747_8c541f5a9de25e4e6ba2b6ffe46ebc50.pdf
2021-01-01
11
19
10.22063/poj.2020.2745.1163
low density polyethylene
comonomer
maleic anhydride
Response surface methodology
Mohammad
Shahbazi
shahbazim073@gmail.com
1
Faculty of processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, 14977-13115, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Yousef
Jahani
y.jahani@ippi.ac.ir
2
Faculty of processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, 14977-13115, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Moad G (1999) Synthesis of polyolefin graft copolymers by reactive extrusion. Prog Polym Sci 24:81-142
1
Passaglia E, Coiai S, Augier S (2009) Control of macromolecular architecture during the reactive functionalization in the melt of olefin polymers. Prog Polym Sci 34:911-947
2
Jahani Y, Valavi A, Ziaee F (2015) Reactive melt modification of polyethylene by ethyl acrylate / acrylic acid copolymers : Rheology , morphology and thermal behavior. Iran Polym J 24: 449-458
3
Shieh Y, Chuang H, Liu C (2001) Water crosslinking reactions of silane-grafted polyolefin blends. J Appl Polym Sci 1799-1807
4
Clark DC, Baker WE, Whitney RA (2001) Peroxide-initiated comonomer grafting of styrene and maleic anhydride onto polyethylene: effect of polyethylene microstructure. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 96-107
5
Liu W, Liu T, Liu T, Liu T, Xin J, Hiscox WC, Liu H, Liu L, Zhang J (2017) Improving grafting efficiency of dicarboxylic anhydride monomer on polylactic acid by manipulating monomer structure and using comonomer and reducing agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 56: 3920-3927
6
Galland GB, Seferin M, Mauler RS, Dos Santos JHZ (1999) Linear low-density polyethylene synthesis promoted by homogeneous and supported catalysts. Polym Int 48: 660-664
7
Bettini SHP, Ruvolo Filho AC (2008) Styreneassisted grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene by reactive processing. J Appl Polym Sci 107:1430-1438
8
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9
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10
Shi Q, Zhu L, Cai C, Yin JH, Costa G (2005) Kinetics study on melt grafting copolymerization of LLDPE with acid monomers using reactive extrusion method. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4301-4312
11
Velthoen MEZ, Muñoz-Murillo A, Bouhmadi A, Cecius M, Diefenbach S, Weckhuysen BM (2018) The multifaceted role of methylaluminoxane in metallocene-based olefin polymerization catalysis. Macromolecules 51:343-355
12
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13
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19
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20
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21
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22
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24
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25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
LDPE and poly(1-butene) blends: Morphology, crystallinity and rheological properties
In this work, the compatibility and crystallinity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polybutene-1 (PB-1) blends were studied. Various blends of LDPE/PB-1 containing 5, 10 and 20 wt.% PB-1 were prepared in a corotating twin-screw extruder and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), shear oscillation rheology and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). A matrix-droplet morphology was observed in SEM images, indicating incompatibility of the two polymers in the solid state. Compared to neat LDPE, the relaxation spectra of the blends were broadened, and a slight increase in their relaxation times was observed. The relaxation time of the blends was enhanced by increasing PB-1 content, which was further proved by fitting rheological data in the Carreau-Yasuda model. Deviation of Cole-Cole diagrams from circular shape means that the blend samples were not miscible and the positive-deviation behavior of the complex viscosity and storage modulus from the mixing rule revealed the formation of strong interfacial interactions. The crystallinity of both LLDPE and PB-1 was decreased as a result of blending. The peaks attributed to the form II of PB-1 crystals were eliminated and the peaks related to LDPE were obviously weakened, suggesting to prevent crystallinity of polymers which is associated with a reduction in the total crystallinity percentage for the blend. The reduction of crystallinity was more pronounced in PB-1 phase.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1754_ae92d97bbeed05ad718c818c08b7b727.pdf
2021-01-01
21
30
10.22063/poj.2020.2759.1164
blending
morphology
LDPE
Crystallinity
PB-1
Reza
Poorghasemi
reza.poorghasemi@gmail.com
1
Department of polymer processing, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, 14977-13115, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Yousef
Jahani
y.jahani@ippi.ac.ir
2
Department of polymer processing, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, 14977-13115, Iran
AUTHOR
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Sängerlaub S, Reichert K, Sterra J, Rodler N, Von der Haar D, Schreib I, Stramm C, Gruner A, Voigt J, Raddatz H, Jesdinszki M (2018) Identification of polybutene-1 (PB-1) in easy peel polymer structures. J Polym Testing 65: 142-149
3
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7
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56
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Kinetic and microstructural studies of Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp2HfCl2-catalyzed oligomerization of higher α-olefins in mPAO oil base stocks production
Herein a quenched-flow kinetic technique was applied to calculate the rate constants of 1-hexene and 1-octene oligomerization catalyzed by the Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp2HfCl2/MAO catalyst systems, and subsequently a mechanism for the higher α-olefin oligomerization reaction was proposed. The oligomerization results showed that Zr-based catalyst in the oligomerization of 1-octene had the highest activity of 17 in comparison to Hfbased one with an activity value of 15 g oligomer/(mmolCat.h)). According to the obtained results, increasing monomer length led to a shift in molecular weight and polydispersity index value (Mw/Mn) to lower values. Furthermore, the microstructure-viscosity relationship was followed by the calculation of branching ratio and short-chain branching percentage. The obtained results revealed that, the oligomers synthesized by the Cp2HfCl2 catalyst had lower short chain branching ratio value and short-chain branching percentages. According to the kinetic results, the initiation rate constant (ki) of Zr-based catalyst was higher than that of Hf-based catalyst, and the order of calculated propagation rate constants was Zr>Hf for both the 1-hexene and 1-octene-based oligomerizations.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1755_a54ba3e64d3a81a3dbd5ff1205cd9e3e.pdf
2021-01-01
31
40
10.22063/poj.2020.2802.1170
olefin
oligomerization
metallocene
microstructure
oil
Ahad
Hanifpour
a.hanifpour@ippi.ac.ir
1
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Hashemzadeh Gargari
m.hashemzadeh@modares.ac.ir
2
Miandoab Petrochemical Company, Bakhtar holding, Miandoab, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Rostami Darounkola
m.rostami@ippi.ac.ir
3
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Kalantari
z.kalantari@ippi.ac.ir
4
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Naeimeh
Bahri-Laleh
n.bahri@ippi.ac.ir
5
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, NekoomaneshHaghighi M, Karimi M (2016) Study on unsaturated structure and tacticity of poly1- hexene and new copolymer of 1-hexene/5- hexene-1-ol prepared by metallocene catalyst. J Organomet Chem 819: 103-108
1
Dehghani S, Hanifpour A, NekoomaneshHaghighi M, Sadjadi S, Mirmohammadi S A, Farhadi A, Bahri-Laleh N (2020) Highly efficient supported AlCl3 -based cationic catalysts to produce poly α-olefin oil base stocks. J Appl Polym Sci 137: 49018
2
Jalali A, Nekoomanesh-Haghighi M, Dehghani S, Bahri-Laleh N (2019) Effect of metal type on the metallocene-catalyzed oligomerization of 1-hexene and 1-octene to produce polyα-olefinbased synthetic lubricants. Appl Organometal Chem 34: e5338
3
Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, NekoomaneshHaghighi M, Poater A (2020) Coordinative chain transfer polymerization of 1-decene in the presence of a Ti-based diamine bis (phenolate) catalyst: A sustainable approach to produce low viscosity PAOs. Green Chem 22: 4617-4626
4
Mynott R, Fink G, Fenzl W (1987) Ethylene insertion with soluble Ziegler catalysts. III. The system cp2TiMeCl/AlMe2Cl/13C2H4 studied by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The time-development of chain propagation and oligomer distribution. Angew Makromol Chem 154: 1-21
5
Busico V, Cipullo R, Esposito V (1999) Stoppedflow polymerizations of ethene and propene in the presence of the catalyst system racMe2Si(2-methyl-4-phenyl-1-indenyl)2ZrCl2 / methylaluminoxane. Macromol Rapid Commun 20: 116-121
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Manz TA, Phomphrai K, Medvedev G, Krishnamurthy BB, Sharma S, Haq J, Novstrup KA, Thomson KT, Delgass WN, Caruthers JM, Abu-Omar MM (2007) Structure-activity correlation in titanium single-Site olefin polymerization catalysts containing mixed cyclopentadienyl/aryloxide Ligation. J Am Chem Soc 129: 3776-3777
7
Mehrkhodavandi P, Schrock RR, Pryor LL (2003) Living polymerization of 1-hexene by cationic zirconium and hafnium complexes that contain a diamido/donor ligand of the type [H3CC(2- C5 H4 N)(CH2 NMesityl)2 ]2 -. A comparison of methyl and isobutyl initiators. Organometallics 22: 4569-4583
8
Liu ZX, Somsook E, White CB, Rosaaen KA, Landis C, Mulhaupt R, Duschek T, Rieger B (2001) Kinetics of initiation, propagation, and termination for the [rac-(C2H4 (1-indenyl)2 ) ZrMe][MeB(C6 F5)3 ]-catalyzed polymerization of 1-hexene. J Am Chem Soc 123: 11193-11207
9
Christianson MD, Tan EHP, Landis CR (2010) Stopped-flow NMR: Determining the kinetics of [rac-(C2H4 (1-indenyl)2 )ZrMe][MeB(C6F5)3 ]- Catalyzed polymerization of 1-hexene by direct observation. J Am Chem Soc 132: 11461-11463
10
Chen MC, Roberts JAS, Marks TJ (2004) Marked counteranion effects on single-site olefin polymerization processes. Correlations of ion pair structure and dynamics with polymerization activity, chain transfer, and syndioselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 126: 4605-4625
11
Naga N, Mizunuma K (1998) Chain transfer reaction by trialkylaluminum (AIR3 ) in the stereospecific polymerization of propylene with metallocene-AIR3 /Ph3CB(C6F5)4 . Polymer 39: 5059-5067
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Kotzabasakis V, Kostakis K, PitsikalisI M, Hadjichristidis N, Lohse D J, Mavromoustakos T, Potamitis C (2009) Polymerization of higher α-olefins using a Cs-symmetry hafnium metallocene catalyst. Kinetics of the polymerization and microstructural analysis. J Polym Sci Pol Chem 47: 4314-4325
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Kissin YV (2019) Oligomerization reactions of 1-hexene with metallocene catalysts: Detailed data on reaction chemistry and kinetics. Mol Catal 463: 87-93
14
Kissin YV (2009) Detailed kinetics of 1-hexene oligomerization reaction with (n-Bu-Cp)2 ZrCl2 - MAO catalyst. Macromol Chem Phys 210: 1241- 1246
15
Chen C-H, Shih W-C, Hilty C (2015) In Situ determination of tacticity, deactivation, and kinetics in [rac-(C2H4 (1-Indenyl)2 ) ZrMe][B(C6F5)4 ] and [Cp2ZrMe][B(C6F5 )4 ]- catalyzed polymerization of 1-hexene using 13C hyperpolarized NMR. J Am Chem Soc 137: 6965-6971
16
Liu Z, Somsook E, White CB, Rosaaen KA, Landis CR (2001) Kinetics of initiation, propagation, and termination for the [rac-(C2H4 (1-indenyl)2 ) ZrMe][MeB(C6 F5 )3 ]-catalyzed polymerization of 1-hexene. J Am Chem Soc 123: 11193-11207
17
Basset J-M, Coperet C, Soulivong D, Taoufik M, Cazat J T(2010) Metathesis of alkanes and related reactions. Acc Chem Res 43: 323-334
18
Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, NekoomaneshHaghighi M, Poater A (2020) Group IV diamine bis (phenolate) catalysts for 1-decene oligomerization. Mol Catal 493: 111047
19
Rahmatiyan S, Bahri-Laleh N, Hanifpour A, Nekoomanesh-Haghighi M (2018) Different behaviors of metallocene and Ziegler– Natta catalysts in ethylene/1, 5-hexadiene copolymerization. Polym Int 68: 94-101
20
Suzuki N, MasubuchiY, Yamaguchi Y, Kase T, Mayamoto T. K, Horiuchi A, Mise T (2000) Olefin polymerization using highly congested ansametallocenes under high pressure: Formation of superhigh molecular weight polyolefins. macromolecules 33: 754-759
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Thiam Z, Abou-Hamad E, Dereli B, Liu L, Emwas A-H, Ahmad R, Jiang H, Adamu Isah A, Ndiaye P B, Taoufik M, Han Y, Cavallo L, Basset J-M, Eddaoudi M (2020) Extension of surface organometallic chemistry to metalorganic frameworks: Development of a welldefined single site [(≡Zr-O-)W(═O)(CH2tBu)3 ] olefin metathesis catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 142: 16690-16703
23
Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, NekoomaneshHaghighi M (2020) Single-phase photo-crosslinkable adhesive synthesized from methacrylic acid-grafted 1-decene/9-decene-1-ol cooligomer. J Appl Polym Sci138: 49654
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Park JH, Jang YE, Jeon JY, Go MJ, Lee J, Kim SK, Lee V, Lee BY (2014) Preparation of ansametallocenes for production of poly (α-olefin) lubricants. Dalton Trans 43: 10132-10138
25
Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, NekoomaneshHaghighi M (2020) Methacrylate-functionalized POSS as an efficient adhesion promoter in olefinbased adhesives. Polym Eng Sci 1-10
26
Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, NekoomaneshHaghighi M, Karimi M (2017) Synthesis and characterization of poly1-hexene/silica nanocomposites. Polym Test 61: 27-34
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Dong SQ, Mi PK, Xu S, Zhang J, Zhao RD (2019) Preparation and characterization of single-component poly-α-olefin oil base stocks. Energy & Fuels 33: 9796-9804
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Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, NekoomaneshHaghighi M (2020) Preparation of novel, liquid, solvent-free, polyolefin-based adhesives. Polym Adv Technol 31: 922-931
31
Hanifpour A, Bahri-Laleh N, Mirmohammadi SA (2019) Silica-grafted poly1-hexene: A new approach to prepare polyethylene/silica nanocomposites. Polym Comp 40: 1053-1060
32
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33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Changes in signal transmission speed in coaxial cables through regulating the foam structure of the polyethylene dielectric section
Polyolefins have been widely used in the electrical insulation and cable industry in recent years. One of the main usages of these materials is dielectric insulation in coaxial cables. Low attenuation and high signal transmission speed are among the desired features in coaxial cables. The role of polyethylene foam on signal transmission speed in the coaxial cables is the main focus of this study. In the present study, the velocity factor of coaxial samples with different dielectric structures is investigated in both theoretical and experimental approaches. In theoretical formulation, only the void fraction of foam is taken into consideration and other foam properties such as cell density, cell size, and foam structure are neglected. This is the reason for the difference observed between theoretical and experimental results. In theoretical results, a linear increase in the velocity factor is witnessed with the increase of the void fraction while in experimental results there are some exceptions. The foaming degree of the samples was reached 63% causing a 37.7% decrease in theoretical relative permittivity and consequently a 26.8% increase in theoretical velocity factor. On the other hand, up to 36% increase is observed in the experimentally measured velocity factor of foamed dielectric samples compared to the samples with solid polyethylene dielectric.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1756_a9d9c07fdc39509b61d44aaeba06c393.pdf
2021-01-01
41
48
10.22063/poj.2020.2787.1167
Velocity factor
polymeric foam
polyethylene
Void fraction
cell density
Milad
Moradian
m.moradian@urmia.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Taher
Azdast
t.azdast@urmia.ac.ir
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Doniavi
a.doniavi@urmia.ac.ir
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Hanley TL, Burford RP, Fleming RJ, Barber KW (2003) A general review of polymeric insulation for use in HVDC cables. IEEE Electr Insul M 19: 13-24
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29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Origin of catalytic activity differences between phosphine and phosphine oxide-based structures in the water-crosslinkable polyalkoxysilane composition
Organocatalysts have attracted enormous interest in the water-crosslinking reaction in silane-grafted polyolefins (SGPOs) system owing to their simplicity, low toxicity and environmentally benign nature compared to organotin catalysts, which are most used in SGPOs system. We focus on organophosphorus compounds including four structure types as organocatalysts; phosphoric acids, phosphoric esters, phosphine oxides and phosphine. The catalytic activities of them for the water-crosslinking reaction in 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane grafted ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPR-g-MTMS) system were evaluated using the ATR-FTIR technique and gel-fraction method. The phosphine oxides, phosphoric acids, and phosphoric esters possessing an O=PR3 or O=P(OR)3 unit were found to be an excellent catalyst for the water-crosslinking reaction in EPR-g-MTMS system, while phosphine (PR3) showed no catalytic activity on water-crosslinking reaction in this system, indicating the phosphoryl (P=O) moiety played the important role on catalytic performance of these compounds. In comparison, phosphine oxides showed considerably higher catalytic activities than phosphoric acids / esters. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the difference of catalytic activity could be attributed to an electron density at P=O moiety making the activation for water through hydrogen-bonding. Finally, the possible catalytic mechanism for the phosphoryl compounds in the EPR-g-MTMS system was proposed on the basis of these results and the SN2-Si pathway in silicate sol-gel chemistry.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1760_ab6c74f5e016b3f9ad4e330a972766de.pdf
2021-01-01
49
62
10.22063/poj.2020.2813.1171
Phosphoryl compounds
water-crosslinking reaction
silane-grafting polyolefin
organocatalyst
Hydrogen Bonding
Shohei
Tanaka
i003wb@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
1
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
AUTHOR
Kenta
Adachi
k-adachi@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
2
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
LEAD_AUTHOR
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