ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Interplay of reversible chain transfer and comonomer incorporation reactions in coordination copolymerization of ethylene/1–hexene
Coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) has opened a new path for the development of novel products like olefin block copolymers and chain-end functional polyolefins. However, conflicting results are frequently reported on the catalyst performance including activity and comonomer selectivity under CCTP conditions. Here we have selected two catalysts including rac-ethylenebis(1-η5-indenyl)zirconocene and bis(imino) pyridine iron, with drastically different comonomer affinities. The effect of diethyl zinc as the chain transfer agent (CTA) on their individual performances is evaluated at different 1–hexene concentrations, in copolymerization with ethylene. Combined thermal fractionation and GPC results confirm that not all chains experience the reversible transfer reaction. Nevertheless, the metallocene catalyst shows twice activity and about 30% lower comonomer incorporation in the presence of CTA. Conversely, the late transition metal catalyst demonstrates lower activity and remains comonomer irresponsive. It could be concluded that, in addition to establishing a reversible transfer reaction, CTA affects the nature of active centers. This finding can help designing olefin copolymers with a more defined chemical composition based on CCTP reaction.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1642_53c0550db6c05ad9ea88f326f2d6163a.pdf
2019-06-11
1
11
10.22063/poj.2019.2447.1132
coordination polymerization
reversible chain transfer reaction
chemical composition
microstructure
Ali
Ebrahimi
a.ebrahimi@aut.ac.ir
1
Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeid
Ahmadjo
s.ahmadjo@ippi.ac.ir
2
Engineering Department, Catalyst Group, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Mohammadi
mohammadi@qut.ac.ir
3
Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mohammad-Mahdi
Mortazavi
m.mortazavi@ippi.ac.ir
4
Engineering Department, Catalyst Group, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Mostafa
Ahmadi
mo.ahmadi@aut.ac.ir
5
4Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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54
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of parameters affecting separation of gas mixture of O2, N2, CO2 and CH4 by PMP membrane modified with TiO2, ZnO and Al2O3 nanoparticles
The application of membranes in various industries is one of the most urgent needs to reduce energy consumption and environmental pollutants as well as low investment costs in the process of separation. In this investigation, the optimization of effective parameters for separation of gas mixture of CH4, CO2, O2 and N2 is studied by modified poly(4-methyl-1-pentane) (PMP) membrane including nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3). Design expert software was used and prevailing data on membrane modeling were categorized according to the process variables such as permeability, selectivity, composition and percentage of nanoparticle, and gas pressure difference. In order to validate the model, the results predicted by the model were compared with the experimental data. Good agreement was observed between the predicted and experimental data, and it was found that nanoparticles have a considerable effect on the results. In the case of gas permeability, the best results were obtained for the nanoparticles of alumina (15 wt%) at the pressure of 3 bar. However, titanium dioxide nanoparticle (10 wt%) at the pressure of 9 bar showed the best results for gas selectivity. The optimum point for both permeability and selectivity was obtained for the membrane containing 10 wt% titanium dioxide at 5 bar.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1656_945baba4f8d91036f35268c68811b16f.pdf
2019-08-08
13
24
10.22063/poj.2019.2463.1134
Poly (4-methyl-1-pentane)
Permeability
Selectivity
Titanium dioxide
Aluminum oxide
Afshar
Alihosseini
afs.alihosseini@iauctb.ac.ir
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Davood
Zergani
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Amir Hossein
Saeedi Dehaghani
3
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zeinali S, Aryaeinezhad M (2015) Precipitation in a micromixer from laboratory to industrial scale. Chem Eng Technol 38: 2079-2086
1
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Heydari S, Pirouzfar V (2016) The influence of synthesis parameters on the gas selectivity and permeability of carbon membranes: Empirical modeling and process optimization using surface methodology. RSC Adv 6: 14149-14163
3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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13
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14
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16
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17
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18
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19
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21
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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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29
Nikolaeva D, Azcune I, Sheridan E, Sandru M, Genua A, Tanczyk M, Jaschik M, Warmuzinski K, Jansen JC, Vankelecom I F J (2017) Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-based poly(ionic liquids) as membranes for CO2 capture from flue gas 37: 121-129
30
Wang S, Tian Z, Feng J, Wu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Li X, Xin Q, Jiang Z (2015) Enhanced CO2 separation properties by incorporating poly (ethylene glycol)-containing polymeric sub microspheres into polyimide membrane. J Membr Sci 473: 310-317
31
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32
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33
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34
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35
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36
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37
Gholami M, Mohammadi T, Mosleh S, Hemmati M (2017) CO2/CH4 separation using mixed matrix membrane-based polyurethane incorporated with ZIF-8 nanoparticles. Chemical Papers 71: 1839-1853
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Changes in crystallinity of HDPE films containing different amounts of an oxo-biodegradable additive due to UVC exposure
Crystallinities of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) films containing various amounts of an oxo-biodegradable additive (HES-W) were investigated immediately after preparation and 6 weeks after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (λ=254 nm). HDPE granules were mixed with oxo-biodegradable masterbatch in a twin-screw extruder and the extrudates were converted into films with thicknesses of 35±5 micrometers. The films were exposed to UV light for 6 weeks. Crystallinities of the films are investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The XRD results show that upon UV exposure, the crystallinities of the films enhance. The DSC thermograms have confirmed the XRD results and also show a decrease in melting points of the samples after UV exposure. Further investigations on viscosity average molecular weights (Mv) of the samples show that their Mv decrease sharply after UV exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows clear cracks on the samples surfaces after 6 weeks exposure to UV irradiation. Investigating the functionalities of the polymers through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show the emergence of carbonyl peaks after UV irradiation so that the carbonyl index of the samples increases. It is concluded that maximum oxo-biodegradation enhancement of the HDPE film samples can be achieved by using a specific amount of the oxo-compound (3 wt%); furthermore the crystallinities of the samples show considerable enhancement after UV exposure which can be due to better packing ability of low molecular weight chains along with probable dipole-dipole attractions between the carbonyl groups on different newly formed short polar chains.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1667_ff56971a63fbe8a341504727c51b2510.pdf
2019-09-14
25
32
10.22063/poj.2019.2468.1135
Oxo-biodegradability
High Density Polyethylene
Crystallinity
UV irradiation
supercooling effect
Soheyl
Khajehpour-Tadavani
sohaylkhajehpour@gmail.com
1
Department of Polymer Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran, P.O. Box: 71993-3
AUTHOR
Gholam-Reza
Nejabat
ghnejabat@yahoo.com
2
Department of Polymer Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran, P.O. Box: 71993-3
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad-Mahdi
Mortazavi
m.mortazavi@ippi.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Engineering, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14975-112
AUTHOR
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Reddy M M (2008) Oxo-biodegradation of polyethylene. PhD Thesis, RMIT University
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23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Competitive particle growth at different conditions of oligo-micelle formation in hydro-alcoholic solution of anionic double-chain emulsifier via batch emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride
The condition of oligo-micelle formation of sodium di-isodecyl sulfosuccinate (SDIDS) emulsifier in hydroalcoholic solutions is used to study particle formation of vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization in a batch reactor. The change on micellization behavior was investigated by critical micelle concentration (CMC) and zeta potential parameters. To detect the occurrence of secondary nucleation or particle aggregation, or both the particle size and number of particles were investigated as a criterion for the particle nucleation and growth process. The results showed that the alcohol (co-solvent) content had a strong effect on the oligo-micelles formation and emulsion polymerization performance. Namely, decreasing the alcohol content and increasing the anion content in the SDIDS samples increased the overall reaction rate and latex stability. This also decreased the chain growth rate, the particle size, and the coarse particle formation. Also, the results showed that different condition of oligo-micelle formation would lead to different particle growth history
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1666_9cd52a226f55133556ce4dae7d62a3a9.pdf
2019-09-14
33
44
10.22063/poj.2019.2501.1138
emulsion polymerization
Poly (vinyl chloride)
Double-chain emulsifier
oligo- micelle
Particle Growth
Aliasghar
Mahdavi Akerdi
a.mahdavi@ippi.ac.ir
1
Department of Research and Technology, Arvand Petrochemical Company (APC), Mahshahr, 6356178734, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Nekoomanesh
m.nekoomanesh@ippi.ac.ir
2
Department of Polymerization Engineering, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, 1497713115, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Capek I (1995) Kinetics of the free-radical emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride. Adv Polym Sci 120: 135-205
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Pakdel AS, Behbahani MR, Saeb MR, Khonakdar HA, Abedini H, Moghri M (2015) Evolution of vinyl chloride conversion below critical micelle concentration: a response surface analysis. J Vinyl & Addit Technol 21: 157-165
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13
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Miqan SN, Farshchi-Tabrizi F, Abedini H; Atashy- Kashi H (2013) Estimation of micellization parameters of sds in the presence of some electrolytes for emulsion polymerization systems. J Surfact. Deterg. 16: 271-278
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21
Civera C, Arias C, Elorza MA, Elorza B, García-Blanco F, Galera-Gómez P A (2014) Hydrophobicity enhancement inmicelles of Triton X-165 by the presence of the cosolvent 2,2,2 trifluoroethanol (TFE). J Mol Liq 199: 29–34
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Pourmehr M, Navarchian AH (2009) Batch emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride: application of experimental design to investigate the effects of operating variables on particle size and particle size distribution. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 338-34
27
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36
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37
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41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Simulation and modeling of macro and micro components produced by powder injection molding: A review
During the recent years powder processing technologies have gained much attention due to the less energy consumption and recyclable powders. Manufacturing of complicated parts by the conventional powder metallurgy (PM) method is hard due to the uniaxial pressure, which leads to the low design flexibility. In order to prevail these constraints, powder injection molding (PIM) process, which includes powder metallurgy and injection molding processes, is introduced. In powder injection molding, simulations are a very useful tool to predict each step of process and design the mold. By this way, design can already be optimized and mistakes are avoided. In this review a detailed study of simulation of different steps in the powder injection molding process of macro and micro components produced by this method is presented. Simulation investigations of mixing, injection, debinding, and sintering of various researchers are given. The computer simulation tools available for all steps of the PIM process are surveyed and results are presented.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1676_1122fd513fdce9a1f7a7bbb22535ba46.pdf
2019-12-01
45
60
10.22063/poj.2019.2568.1141
powder injection molding
simulation
debinding
sintering
injection
Rezvan
Yavari
rezvanyavari@ymail.com
1
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, K. N. Toosi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Khorsand
hkhorsand@kntu.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, K. N. Toosi University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mehran
Sardarian
mehran_sardarian@yahoo.com
3
Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
German RM, Animesh Bose (1997) Injection molding of metals and ceramics. Metal powder industries federation, Princeton, NJ, USA
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4
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5
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6
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