eng
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Polyolefins Journal
2322-2212
2345-6868
2021-01-01
8
1
1
9
10.22063/poj.2020.2727.1161
1736
Melt free-radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto EPDM backbone and effect of EPDM-g-GMA on the morphology and mechanical properties of PS/EPDM/PA6 ternary blends
Marzie Alidadi-Shamsabadi
malidadi@aut.ac.ir
1
Shirin Shokoohi
shokoohish@ripi.ir
2
Polymer Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 5875/4413, Tehran, Iran
Chemical, Polymeric and Petrochemical Technology Development Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
Melt free-radical grafting reactions between ethylene-propylene-dieneterpolymer (EPDM) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were investigated in a batch mixer (170°C, 60rpm). Effect of dicumylperoxide (DCP) initiator and GMA functionalizing monomer concentrations was studied on the grafted EPDM characteristics. Titration results indicated an increase in the graft degree (GD) and gel content (GC) values with increasing DCP concentration as a result of increasing primary free radical concentration and strengthening cross-linking side reaction. FTIR spectrums confirmed that GMA functionalities have been grafted onto EPDM with appearing carbonyl (C=O) peak. After that, the resultant EPDM-g-GMA was used as compatibilizer in PS(polystyrene)/EPDM/PA6 (polyamide6) ternary blends. The effect of rubbery compatibilizer on the blend morphology and mechanical properties was studied. The ATR-FTIR spectra of ternary blends, etched to remove unreacted PA6, demonstrated that the compatibilizing reactions occurred during melt blending. By investigating the SEM micrographs it was revealed that the EPDM-g-GMA compatibilizer at the concentration range of 5 wt.% to 15 wt.% changed the size and type of the blend morphology from separated dispersed to multicore-shell morphology. The finest morphology was achieved by using 7.5 wt.% EPDM-g-GMA. Also, the presence of compatibilizer up to 7.5 wt.% could improve the tensile modulus, yield stress and impact strength, but a decreasing trend was observed at higher concentration of the compatibilizer.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1736_ccc3301bbf95ab1ba4936f542648b1eb.pdf
Functionalizing
glycidyl methacrylate
Polystyrene/Ethylene-propylene-dieneterpolymer/Polyamide6
microstructure
impact strength
eng
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Polyolefins Journal
2322-2212
2345-6868
2021-01-01
8
1
11
19
10.22063/poj.2020.2745.1163
1747
Comparison of grafting of maleic anhydride onto linear low density polyethylene with hexene-1 and butene-1 comonomers and prediction of optimum ingredients by response surface methodology
Mohammad Shahbazi
shahbazim073@gmail.com
1
Yousef Jahani
y.jahani@ippi.ac.ir
2
Faculty of processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, 14977-13115, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, 14977-13115, Tehran, Iran
In this work, the grafting of maleic anhydride onto two types of linear low density polyethylene with hexene-1 comonomer (LLDPE-H1) and butene-1 comonomer (LLDPE-B1), in the presence of styrene monomer (St) and dicumyl peroxide initiator (DCP) has been studied. The combined influences of MAH, St and DCP on the grafting efficiency via a melt reactive mixing process have been investigated using response surface methodology and the central cubic design has been employed for experimental design and data analysis. IR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements and adhesion test have been used to evaluate the extent of grafting reaction. The results showed that LLDPE-H1 with a 2.2% maximum grafting content showed more grafting content than the LLDPE-B1 (1.86%). This effect could be attributed to the type of comonomer in LLDPE-H1 which made it more prone to chain scission than LLDPE-B1, and a higher level of grafting was achieved. The gel content measurement showed that lower cross-linked structure was formed during the grafting process in the LLDP-H1 than that in the LLDPE-B1. The optimum conditions of maximum grafting and minimum gel content were statically investigated. The optimum percentage of grafting for LLDPE-H1 was 1.82% and it was 1.74% for LLDPE-B1, with the minimum gel content of 6.5% and 9%, respectively. It was found that the amount of grafted percentage was sensitive to the concentrations of the MAH, DCP, and St, while the extent of the gel content was more sensitive to the percentage of DCP.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1747_8c541f5a9de25e4e6ba2b6ffe46ebc50.pdf
low density polyethylene
comonomer
maleic anhydride
Response surface methodology
eng
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Polyolefins Journal
2322-2212
2345-6868
2021-01-01
8
1
21
30
10.22063/poj.2020.2759.1164
1754
LDPE and poly(1-butene) blends: Morphology, crystallinity and rheological properties
Reza Poorghasemi
reza.poorghasemi@gmail.com
1
Yousef Jahani
y.jahani@ippi.ac.ir
2
Department of polymer processing, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, 14977-13115, Iran
Department of polymer processing, Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, 14977-13115, Iran
In this work, the compatibility and crystallinity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polybutene-1 (PB-1) blends were studied. Various blends of LDPE/PB-1 containing 5, 10 and 20 wt.% PB-1 were prepared in a corotating twin-screw extruder and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), shear oscillation rheology and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). A matrix-droplet morphology was observed in SEM images, indicating incompatibility of the two polymers in the solid state. Compared to neat LDPE, the relaxation spectra of the blends were broadened, and a slight increase in their relaxation times was observed. The relaxation time of the blends was enhanced by increasing PB-1 content, which was further proved by fitting rheological data in the Carreau-Yasuda model. Deviation of Cole-Cole diagrams from circular shape means that the blend samples were not miscible and the positive-deviation behavior of the complex viscosity and storage modulus from the mixing rule revealed the formation of strong interfacial interactions. The crystallinity of both LLDPE and PB-1 was decreased as a result of blending. The peaks attributed to the form II of PB-1 crystals were eliminated and the peaks related to LDPE were obviously weakened, suggesting to prevent crystallinity of polymers which is associated with a reduction in the total crystallinity percentage for the blend. The reduction of crystallinity was more pronounced in PB-1 phase.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1754_ae92d97bbeed05ad718c818c08b7b727.pdf
blending
morphology
LDPE
Crystallinity
PB-1
eng
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Polyolefins Journal
2322-2212
2345-6868
2021-01-01
8
1
31
40
10.22063/poj.2020.2802.1170
1755
Kinetic and microstructural studies of Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp2HfCl2-catalyzed oligomerization of higher α-olefins in mPAO oil base stocks production
Ahad Hanifpour
a.hanifpour@ippi.ac.ir
1
Mahdi Hashemzadeh Gargari
m.hashemzadeh@modares.ac.ir
2
Mohammad Reza Rostami Darounkola
m.rostami@ippi.ac.ir
3
Zahra Kalantari
z.kalantari@ippi.ac.ir
4
Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh
n.bahri@ippi.ac.ir
5
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
Miandoab Petrochemical Company, Bakhtar holding, Miandoab, Iran
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
Polymerization Engineering Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14975/112, Tehran, Iran
Herein a quenched-flow kinetic technique was applied to calculate the rate constants of 1-hexene and 1-octene oligomerization catalyzed by the Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp2HfCl2/MAO catalyst systems, and subsequently a mechanism for the higher α-olefin oligomerization reaction was proposed. The oligomerization results showed that Zr-based catalyst in the oligomerization of 1-octene had the highest activity of 17 in comparison to Hfbased one with an activity value of 15 g oligomer/(mmolCat.h)). According to the obtained results, increasing monomer length led to a shift in molecular weight and polydispersity index value (Mw/Mn) to lower values. Furthermore, the microstructure-viscosity relationship was followed by the calculation of branching ratio and short-chain branching percentage. The obtained results revealed that, the oligomers synthesized by the Cp2HfCl2 catalyst had lower short chain branching ratio value and short-chain branching percentages. According to the kinetic results, the initiation rate constant (ki) of Zr-based catalyst was higher than that of Hf-based catalyst, and the order of calculated propagation rate constants was Zr>Hf for both the 1-hexene and 1-octene-based oligomerizations.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1755_a54ba3e64d3a81a3dbd5ff1205cd9e3e.pdf
olefin
oligomerization
metallocene
microstructure
oil
eng
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Polyolefins Journal
2322-2212
2345-6868
2021-01-01
8
1
41
48
10.22063/poj.2020.2787.1167
1756
Changes in signal transmission speed in coaxial cables through regulating the foam structure of the polyethylene dielectric section
Milad Moradian
m.moradian@urmia.ac.ir
1
Taher Azdast
t.azdast@urmia.ac.ir
2
Ali Doniavi
a.doniavi@urmia.ac.ir
3
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Polyolefins have been widely used in the electrical insulation and cable industry in recent years. One of the main usages of these materials is dielectric insulation in coaxial cables. Low attenuation and high signal transmission speed are among the desired features in coaxial cables. The role of polyethylene foam on signal transmission speed in the coaxial cables is the main focus of this study. In the present study, the velocity factor of coaxial samples with different dielectric structures is investigated in both theoretical and experimental approaches. In theoretical formulation, only the void fraction of foam is taken into consideration and other foam properties such as cell density, cell size, and foam structure are neglected. This is the reason for the difference observed between theoretical and experimental results. In theoretical results, a linear increase in the velocity factor is witnessed with the increase of the void fraction while in experimental results there are some exceptions. The foaming degree of the samples was reached 63% causing a 37.7% decrease in theoretical relative permittivity and consequently a 26.8% increase in theoretical velocity factor. On the other hand, up to 36% increase is observed in the experimentally measured velocity factor of foamed dielectric samples compared to the samples with solid polyethylene dielectric.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1756_a9d9c07fdc39509b61d44aaeba06c393.pdf
Velocity factor
polymeric foam
polyethylene
Void fraction
cell density
eng
Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
Polyolefins Journal
2322-2212
2345-6868
2021-01-01
8
1
49
62
10.22063/poj.2020.2813.1171
1760
Origin of catalytic activity differences between phosphine and phosphine oxide-based structures in the water-crosslinkable polyalkoxysilane composition
Shohei Tanaka
i003wb@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
1
Kenta Adachi
k-adachi@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
2
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
Organocatalysts have attracted enormous interest in the water-crosslinking reaction in silane-grafted polyolefins (SGPOs) system owing to their simplicity, low toxicity and environmentally benign nature compared to organotin catalysts, which are most used in SGPOs system. We focus on organophosphorus compounds including four structure types as organocatalysts; phosphoric acids, phosphoric esters, phosphine oxides and phosphine. The catalytic activities of them for the water-crosslinking reaction in 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane grafted ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPR-g-MTMS) system were evaluated using the ATR-FTIR technique and gel-fraction method. The phosphine oxides, phosphoric acids, and phosphoric esters possessing an O=PR3 or O=P(OR)3 unit were found to be an excellent catalyst for the water-crosslinking reaction in EPR-g-MTMS system, while phosphine (PR3) showed no catalytic activity on water-crosslinking reaction in this system, indicating the phosphoryl (P=O) moiety played the important role on catalytic performance of these compounds. In comparison, phosphine oxides showed considerably higher catalytic activities than phosphoric acids / esters. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the difference of catalytic activity could be attributed to an electron density at P=O moiety making the activation for water through hydrogen-bonding. Finally, the possible catalytic mechanism for the phosphoryl compounds in the EPR-g-MTMS system was proposed on the basis of these results and the SN2-Si pathway in silicate sol-gel chemistry.
http://poj.ippi.ac.ir/article_1760_ab6c74f5e016b3f9ad4e330a972766de.pdf
Phosphoryl compounds
water-crosslinking reaction
silane-grafting polyolefin
organocatalyst
Hydrogen Bonding